Mpox: Epidemiological, immunopathogenic aspects and pre- and post-infection management
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Published:
Jun 19, 2023
Keywords:
Monkeypox Virus, Pathological conditions, signs, and symptoms, Disease transmission, infectious
Main Article Content
Abstract
Mpox or Variola M is a zoonosis caused by viruses of the genus Orthopoxvirus, which also cause common smallpox. It is a disease considered rare and self-limiting, being endemic in African countries. However, in 2022, it gained prominence due to the global outbreak that began when the world was still recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, as it is an emerging disease, this review aims to point out general aspects of what is known so far about Mpox, from its immunopathogenesis to current forms of prevention and post-infection care.
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1.
Fonseca YS, Alves CO, Laguna GG de C, Tavares BRM, Souza LG, Borges GF, Guimarães LHS. Mpox: Epidemiological, immunopathogenic aspects and pre- and post-infection management. HSJ [Internet]. 2023Jun.19 [cited 2024Jul.2];13(2):3-10. Available from: https://portalrcs.hcitajuba.org.br/index.php/rcsfmit_zero/article/view/1374
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NARRATIVE REVIEW
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7. Schneider KA, Eichner M. Does it matter who is spreading monkeypox? Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(9):1266-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00431-5
8. Breman JG, Kalisa-Ruti, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I. Human monkeypox, 1970-79. Bull World Health Organ. 1980;58(2):165-82. PMID: 6249508
9. Kabuga AI, El Zowalaty ME. A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria. J Med Virol. 2019;91(4):533-540. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25348
10. Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12111257
11. Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, Steffen R. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(2):e0010141. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141
12. Guarner J, Del Rio C, Malani PN. Monkeypox in 2022-What Clinicians Need to Know. JAMA. 2022;328(2):139-40. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.10802
13. World Health Organization. Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update [Internet].22 Jun 2022 [cited 24 May 2023]. Available from: https://bit.ly/421B4eE
14. Riopelle JC, Munster VJ, Port JR. Atypical and Unique Transmission of Monkeypox Virus during the 2022 Outbreak: An Overview of the Current State of Knowledge. Viruses. 2022;14(9):2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092012
15. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Atualização dos Casos [Internet]. 25 Ago 2022 [cited 24 May 2023]. Available from: https://bit.ly/432FxyZ
16. Pascom ARP, Souza IN de, Krummenauer A, Duarte MMS, Sallas J, Rohlfs DB, et al. Características epidemiológicas e clínicas dos casos de monkeypox no Brasil em 2022: estudo transversal. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2022;31:e2022851. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2237-96222022000300036
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18. Patrono LV, Pléh K, Samuni L, Ulrich M, Röthemeier C, Sachse A, et al. Monkeypox virus emergence in wild chimpanzees reveals distinct clinical outcomes and viral diversity. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(7):955-965. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0706-0
19. Lansiaux E, Jain N, Laivacuma S, Reinis A. The virology of human monkeypox virus (hMPXV): A brief overview. Virus Res. 2022;322:198932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198932
20. Bengali Z, Satheshkumar PS, Moss B. Orthopoxvirus species and strain differences in cell entry. Virology. 2012;433(2):506-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.044
21. Kumar N, Acharya A, Gendelman HE, Byrareddy SN. The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus. J Autoimmun. 2022;131:102855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102855
22. Babkin IV, Babkina IN, Tikunova NV. An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution. Viruses. 2022;14:388. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020388
23. Gao L, Shi Q, Dong X, Wang M, Liu Z, Li Z. Mpox, Caused by the MPXV of the Clade IIb Lineage, Goes Global. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023;8(2):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8020076
24. Happi C, Adetifa I, Mbala P, Njouom R, Nakoune E, Happi A, et al. Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus. PLOS Biol. 2022;20(8):e3001769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001769
25. Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace AM, Li Y, Olsen-Rasmussen M, et al. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol. 2005;86 (Pt 10):2661-72. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81215-0
26. Hughes AL, Irausquin S, Friedman R. The evolutionary biology of poxviruses. Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10(1):50-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2009.10.001
27. Schnierle BS. Monkeypox Goes North: Ongoing Worldwide Monkeypox Infections in Humans. Viruses. 2022;14(9):1874. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091874
28. Moss B. Membrane fusion during poxvirus entry. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2016;60:89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.015
29. Kieser Q, Noyce RS, Shenouda M, Lin YJ, Evans DH. Cytoplasmic factories, virus assembly, and DNA replication kinetics collectively constrain the formation of poxvirus recombinants. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0228028. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228028
30. Stanford MM, McFadden G, Karupiah G, Chaudhri G. Immunopathogenesis of poxvirus infections: forecasting the impending storm. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007;85(2):93-102. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.icb.7100033
31. Takemura M. Poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus. J Mol Evol. 2001;52(5):419-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002390010171
32. Haller SL. Host range functions of poxvirus proteins are mediated by species- specific inhibition of the antiviral protein kinase PKR 2016 [PhD Thesis]. Kansas University: Manhattan, KS; 2016 [cited 24 May 2023]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32871
33. Smith GL, Murphy BJ, Law M. Vaccinia virus motility. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2003;57:323-42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.091037
34. Okyay R, Bayrak E, Kaya E, Sahin A, Kocyigit B, Tasdogan A, et al. Another Epidemic in the Shadow of Covid 19 Pandemic: A Review of Monkeypox. EJMO. 2022; 6(2):95-99. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2022.2022
35. Hudson PN, Self J, Weiss S, Braden Z, Xiao Y, Girgis NM, Emerson G, Hughes C, Sammons SA, Isaacs SN, Damon IK, Olson VA. Elucidating the role of the complement control protein in monkeypox pathogenicity. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35086. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035086
36. Matias WR, Koshy JM, Nagami EH, Kovac V, Moeng LR, Shenoy ES, et al. Tecovirimat for the Treatment of Human Monkeypox: An Initial Series From Massachusetts, United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(8):ofac377. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac377
37. Pauli G, Blümel J, Burger R, Drosten C, Gröner A, Gürtler L, et al. Orthopox Viruses: Infections in Humans. Transfus Med Hemother. 2010;37(6):351-364. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322101
38. Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Carter SV, Amanna I, Hansen SG, Strelow LI, et al. Multiple diagnostic techniques identify previously vaccinated individuals with protective immunity against monkeypox. Nat Med. 2005;11(9):1005-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1273
39. World Health Organization. Surveillance, case investigation and contact tracing for mpox (monkeypox): interim guidance, 22 December [Internet]. 22 Dec 2022 [cited 24 May 2023]. Available from: https://bit.ly/3OAT10g
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