COVID-19 related to sarcopenia: Current perspectives on etiology, clinical implications, and nutritional rehabilitation
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Published:
Sep 17, 2023
Keywords:
Sarcopenia, Skeletal muscle mass, Inflammation, Nutrition, SARS-CoV 2
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive skeletal muscle disorder characterized by reduced strength and quality. Pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical aspects, and nutritional points were related to sarcopenia in COVID-19 found in skeletal muscle during and after the disease course, which corroborated the development of adverse events. Declining physical activity, insufficient protein intake, and worsened proinflammatory response have been shown to have negative consequences on muscle protein synthesis, potentiating the risk of acute sarcopenia. Obesity sarcopenia has also been shown to worsen the prognosis of patients with SARS-CoV-2. Nutritional rehabilitation is used to prevent or minimize the development of acute sarcopenia. Dietary recommendations include increased energy supply and protein intake of 1.2 to 2.0 g/kg of body weight. Evidence suggests that aging with sedentary behaviors, pathophysiological changes, and inflammation alter body composition. In addition, nutritional deficiencies are predictors and aggravators of acute sarcopenia in COVID-19.
Article Details
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1.
Ramos ERM, Verdi AMOH, Escobar SJ de M, Melhem AR de F, Cavagnari MAV, Mazur CE, Schiessel DL. COVID-19 related to sarcopenia: Current perspectives on etiology, clinical implications, and nutritional rehabilitation. Health Sci J [Internet]. 2023Sep.17 [cited 2024May10];13(3):10-6. Available from: https://portalrcs.hcitajuba.org.br/index.php/rcsfmit_zero/article/view/1436
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9. Cederholm T, Jensen GL, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Higashiguchi T, et al. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(1):207-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12383
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12. Martinez-Ferran M, Guía-Galipienso F de la, Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H. Metabolic Impacts of Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic Due to Modified Diet and Physical Activity Habits. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061549
13. Izquierdo M, Merchant RA, Morley JE, Anker SD, Aprahamian I, Arai H, et al. International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(7):824-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1665-8
14. Kirwan R, McCullough D, Butler T, Perez de Heredia F, Davies IG, Stewart C. Sarcopenia during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions: long-term health effects of short-term muscle loss. Geroscience. 2020;42(6):1547-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-020-00272-3
15. Mautong H, Gallardo-Rumbea JA, Alvarado-Villa GE, Fernández-Cadena JC, Andrade-Molina D, Orellana-Román CE, et al. Assessment of depression, anxiety and stress levels in the Ecuadorian general population during social isolation due to the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03214-1
16. Clark BC, Carson RG. Sarcopenia and Neuroscience: Learning to Communicate. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(10):1882-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab098
17. Ali AM, Kunugi H. Skeletal Muscle Damage in COVID-19: A Call for Action. Medicina (Lithuania). 2021;57(4):372. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040372
18. Cox MC, Booth M, Ghita G, Wang Z, Gardner A, Hawkins RB, et al. The impact of sarcopenia and acute muscle mass loss on long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with intra-abdominal sepsis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12(5):1203-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12752
19. Urner M, Mitsakakis N, Vorona S, Chen L, Sklar MC, Dres M, et al. Identifying subjects at risk for diaphragm atrophy during mechanical ventilation using routinely available clinical data. Respir Care. 2021;66(4):551-8. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.08223
20. Brosnahan SB, Jonkman AH, Kugler MC, Munger JS, Kaufman DA. COVID-19 and Respiratory System Disorders: Current Knowledge, Future Clinical and Translational Research Questions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(11):2586-97. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314515
21. Schiessel DL, Yamazaki RK, Kryczyk M, Coelho I, Castro D, Yamaguchi AA, et al. Does Oil Rich in Alpha-Linolenic Fatty Acid Cause the Same Immune Modulation as Fish Oil in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats? Nutr Cancer. 2016;68(8):1369-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2016.1224364
22. Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, Raverdy V, Noulette J, Duhamel A, et al. High Prevalence of Obesity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. Obesity. 2020;28(7):1195-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22831
23. Choe SS, Huh JY, Hwang IJ, Kim JI, Kim JB. Adipose tissue remodeling: Its role in energy metabolism and metabolic disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016;7(APR):30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2016.00030
24. Ma C, Cong Y, Zhang H. COVID-19 and the Digestive System. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(7):1003-6. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000691
25. Soares MN, Eggelbusch M, Naddaf E, Gerrits KHL, van der Schaaf M, van den Borst B, et al. Skeletal muscle alterations in patients with acute Covid-19 and post-acute sequelae of Covid-19. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13(1):11-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12896
26. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
27. Stukalov A, Girault V, Grass V, Karayel O, Bergant V, Urban C, et al. Multilevel proteomics reveals host perturbations by SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2021;594(7862):246-252. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03493-4
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