Available evidence on risk factors associated with COVID-19's poorer outcomes, worldwide and in Brazil
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Published:
Jun 6, 2020
Keywords:
COVID-19, pandemics, risk factors, Brazil, research
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objectives: Analyse availability and quality of existing evidence on COVID-19's risk factors and underlying health conditions that are associated with poorer outcomes, worldwide and in Brazil. Methods: EBMR (Ovid), Google Scholar, MEDLINE (OvidSP), PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO) and Cochrane Library databases were screened, plus Brazilian government epidemiological reports. A body of 25 articles plus 1 report met the inclusion criteria. Results: Available data are still disconnected and several biases exist throughout literature, mainly due to COVID-19 novelty aspect. Hypertension was the most analysed risk factor, followed by diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Availability of Brazilian data is significantly scarce and only governmental reports are readily available. Conclusion: Further studies, with good methodological designs, are needed to provide good levels of evidence in order to provide solid background to help the pandemic’s mitigation strategies.
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1.
Rinaldi B, S. N. Rinaldi JP. Available evidence on risk factors associated with COVID-19’s poorer outcomes, worldwide and in Brazil. Health Sci J [Internet]. 2020Jun.6 [cited 2024May4];10(2):80-9. Available from: https://portalrcs.hcitajuba.org.br/index.php/rcsfmit_zero/article/view/985
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References
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3. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Division of Viral Diseases, Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Locations with confirmed COVID-19 cases [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): CDC; 2020 Jun 5 [cited 2020 Jun 5]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/global-covid-19/world-map.html
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6. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Total population - both sexes [XLSX file, 2.4 Mb] [Internet]. New York: United Nations; 2019 [cited 2020 Jun 5]. Available from: population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
7. Nascimento IJBd, Cacic N, Abdulazeem HM, Groote TCv, Jayarajah U, Weerasekara I, et al. Novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in humans: a scoping review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4):941. doi: 10.3390/jcm9040941
8. Lipsitch M, Swerdlow DL, Finelli L. Defining the epidemiology of Covid-19 - Studies needed. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1194-6. doi: 10.1056/nejmp2002125
9. Brasil. Coletiva de Imprensa no Palácio do Planalto sobre COVID-19 [videorecording]. 2020 Apr 2 [cited 2020 Jun 5]. Avaiable from: youtu.be/wVdy63JrE_k
10. Portela MC, Pereira CCA, Lima SML, Andrade CLT, Soares FRG, Martins M. Nota técnica. Limites e possibilidades dos municípios brasileiros para o enfrentamento dos casos graves de COVID19 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz; 2020 Apr 10. Avaiable from: portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/nt_1_portela_et_al_limites_e_possibilidades_dos_municipios_brasileiros_na_covid-19_1.pdf
11. Meline T. Selecting studies for systemic review: inclusion and exclusion criteria. Contemp Issues Com Sci Dis. 2006;33:21-7. doi: 10.1044/cicsd_33_S_21
12. de Brouwer CPM, Heerkens YF, Kant I. Occupational health from a biopsychosocial perspective; an evidence based approach. Maastricht: Mediview; 2015. 180 p.
13. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJM, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4
14. Burns PB, Chung KC. Developing good clinical questions and finding the best evidence to answer those questions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(2):613-8. doi: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181de24a7
15. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
16. Levine M, Walter S, Lee H, Haines T, Holbrook A, Moyer V. Users' guides to the medical literature. IV. How to use an article about harm. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;271(20):1615-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.271.20.1615
17. Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses [Internet]. Ottawa, Canada: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; 2019 [cited 2020 Jun 5]. Available from: www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
18. Cao C, Li Y, Liu S, Fan H, Hao L. Epidemiologic features of 135 patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Tianjin, China. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020:1-5. Epub. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2020.63
19. De Chang, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Dela Cruz CS, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1092-3. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1623
20. COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology and Case Management Team, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Early Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 28 Cases of Coronavirus Disease in South Korea. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2020 Feb;11(1):8-14. doi: 10.24171%2Fj.phrp.2020.11.1.03
21. Li T, Zhang Y, Gong C, Wang J, Liu B, Shi L, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition and analysis of related factors in elderly patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020:1-5 Epub. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0642-3
22. Yu P, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Han Y, Huang L. A familial cluster of infection associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating potential person-to-person transmission during the incubation period. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1757-61. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa077
23. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
24. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):689-96. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5
25. Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O'Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(15):458-64. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3
26. Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Centro de Operações de Emergência em Saúde Pública | COVID19. Boletim COE COVID-19. Brasilia: MS; 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 5]. Avaiable from: www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/node/67149
27. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):829-38. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.005
28. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics. 2020145(6):e20200702. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702
29. Guan WJ, Liang W-h, Zhao Y, Liang H-r, Chen Z-s, Li Y-m, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000547. doi: 10.1183%2F13993003.00547-2020
30. Leung C. Clinical features of deaths in the novel coronavirus epidemic in China. Rev Med Virol. 2020:e2103. Epub. doi: 10.1002%2Frmv.2103
31. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
32. Li R, Tian J, Yang F, Lv L, Yu J, Sun G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 225 patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary Hospital near Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104363. doi: 10.1016%2Fj.jcv.2020.104363
33. Liang WH, Guan WJ, Li CC, Li YM, Liang HR, Zhao Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 treated in Hubei (epicenter) and outside Hubei (non-epicenter): A Nationwide Analysis of China. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(6):2000562. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00562-2020
34. Nie X, Fan L, Mu G, Tan Q, Wang M, Xie Y, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and incubation period of 7,015 confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province in China. J Infect Dis. 2020;jjaa211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa211
35. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061–9. Epub doi: 10.1001%2Fjama.2020.1585
36. Yu X, Sun X, Cui P, Pan H, Lin S, Han R, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 333 confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Shanghai, China. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;10.111/tbed.13604. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13604
37. Zhao XY, Xu XX, Yin HS, Hu QM, Xiong T, Tang YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in a non-Wuhan area of Hubei Province, China: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):311. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05010-w
38. WHO. Addressing sex and gender in epidemic-prone infectious diseases [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2007. Avaiable from: www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/sexandgenderinfectiousdiseases/en/
39. Pandemic data challenges [editorial]. Nature Machine Intelligence. 2020;2:193. doi: 10.1038/s42256-020-0172-7
40. Stürmer T, Brookhart MA. Study design considerations. In: Velentgas P, Dreyer NA, Nourjah P, al e, editors. Developing a protocol for observational comparative effectiveness research: a user’s guide. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2013. Avaiable from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK126190/
41. Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23. doi: /10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30154-9
42. Qian GQ, Yang NB, Ding F, Ma AHY, Wang ZY, Shen YF, et al. epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 91 hospitalized patients with covid-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series. QJM. 2020;hcaa089, doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa089
43. Zhu W, Xie K, Lu H, Xu L, Zhou S, Fang S. Initial clinical features of suspected coronavirus disease 2019 in two emergency departments outside of Hubei, China. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25763. Epub doi: 10.1002/jmv.25763
44. Thorsen SV, Flyvholm MA, Bultmann U. Self-reported or register-based? A comparison of sickness absence data among 8110 public and private employees in Denmark. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;44(6):631-8. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3747
45. Zhang J, Litvinova M, Wang W, Wang Y, Deng X, Chen X, et al. Evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei province, China: a descriptive and modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;1-9. Epub. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30230-9
46. Wu J, Liu J, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang W, Wang D, et al. Clinical characteristics of imported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in Jiangsu Province: a multicenter descriptive study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020:ciaa199. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa199