The anabolic role of plant-based proteins in response to chronic resistance exercise
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Published:
Sep 30, 2021
Keywords:
plant-based proteins, animal-based proteins, muscle protein synthesis, skeletal muscle, exercise
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Abstract
Proper maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is essential to prevent sarcopenia and ensure health and quality of life as aging progress. The two determinants of muscle protein synthesis are the increased load on skeletal muscle through resistance exercise and protein intake. For an effective result of maintaining or increasing muscle mass, it is relevant to consider the quantitative and adequate intake of protein, and the dietary source of protein since the plant-based protein has differences in comparison to animals that limit its anabolic capacity. Given the increase in vegetarianism and the elderly population, which consumes fewer food sources of animal protein, the importance of understanding how protein of plant-based protein can sustain muscle protein synthesis in the long term when associated with resistance exercise is justified, as well as the possibilities of dietary adequacy in the face of this demand.
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1.
Santos CS, Oliveira Júnior ES, Lopes de Sá MJ, Esteves EA. The anabolic role of plant-based proteins in response to chronic resistance exercise. Health Sci J [Internet]. 2021Sep.30 [cited 2024Apr.25];11(3):14-3. Available from: https://portalrcs.hcitajuba.org.br/index.php/rcsfmit_zero/article/view/1135
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References
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18. Hector AJ, Phillips SM. Protein recommendations for weight loss in elite athletes: A focus on body composition and performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(2):170-7. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0273 PMid:29182451
19. Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Hill DS, Phillips BE, Crossland H, Williams J, et al. Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. J Physiol. 2013;591(11):2911-23. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203 PMid:23551944 PMCid:PMC3690694
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21. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization. Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition: Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation 2011. Food and nutrition paper 92. Rome, Italy: FAO/UN; 2013 [cited 2021 Sep 7]. Avaiable from: https://bit.ly/3zRc0JZ
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23. Fouillet H, Juillet B, Gaudichon C, Mariotti F, Tomé D, Bos C. Absorption kinetics are a key factor regulating postprandial protein metabolism in response to qualitative and quantitative variations in protein intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;297(6):R1691-R705. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00281.2009 PMid:19812354
24. Bos C, Metges CC, Gaudichon C, Petzke KJ, Pueyo ME, Morens C, et al. Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk protein ingestion in humans. J Nutr. 2003;133(5):1308-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.5.1308 PMid:12730415
25. Yang Y, Churchward-Venne TA, Burd NA, Breen L, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Myofibrillar protein synthesis following ingestion of soy protein isolate at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9(1):57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-57 PMid:22698458 PMCid:PMC3478988
26. Rutherfurd SM, Fanning AC, Miller BJ, Moughan PJ. Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores and digestible indispensable amino acid scores differentially describe protein quality in growing male rats. J Nutr 2015;145(2):372-9. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.195438 PMid:25644361
27. Marinangeli CP, House JD. Potential impact of the digestible indispensable amino acid score as a measure of protein quality on dietary regulations and health. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(8):658-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux025 PMid:28969364 PMCid:PMC5914309
28. Hodgkinson SM, Montoya CA, Scholten PT, Rutherfurd SM, Moughan PJ. Cooking conditions affect the true ileal digestible amino acid content and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) of bovine meat as determined in pigs. J Nutr. 2018;148(10):1564-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy153 PMid:30204886
29. Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(6):376-84. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 PMid:28698222 PMCid:PMC5867436
30. Mobley CB, Haun CT, Roberson PA, Mumford PW, Romero MA, Kephart WC, et al. Effects of whey, soy or leucine supplementation with 12 weeks of resistance training on strength, body composition, and skeletal muscle and adipose tissue histological attributes in college-aged males. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090972 PMid:28869573 PMCid:PMC5622732
31. Reidy PT, Borack MS, Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Deer RR, Husaini SH, et al. Protein supplementation has minimal effects on muscle adaptations during resistance exercise training in young men: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Nutr. 2016;146(9):1660-9.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.231803 PMid:27466602 PMCid:PMC4997282
32. Kim PL, Staron RS, Phillips SM. Fasted-state skeletal muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise is altered with training. J Physiol. 2005;568(Pt 1):283-90. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.093708 PMid:16051622 PMCid:PMC1474760
33. Messina M, Lynch H, Dickinson JM, Reed KE. No difference between the effects of supplementing with soy protein versus animal protein on gains in muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018; 28(6):674-85. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0071 PMid:29722584
34. Lim MT, Pan BJ, Toh DWK, Sutanto CN, Kim JE. Animal protein versus plant protein in supporting lean mass and muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):661. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020661 PMid:33670701 PMCid:PMC7926405
35. Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;107(3):987-92. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009 PMid:19589961
36. Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDonald MJ, MacDonald JR, Armstrong D, Phillips SM. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):1031-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1031 PMid:17413102
37. Gorissen SH, Horstman AM, Franssen R, Crombag JJ, Langer H, Bierau J, et al. Ingestion of wheat protein increases in vivo muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men in a randomized trial. J Nutr. 2016;146(9):1651-9 https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.231340 PMid:27440260
38. Joy JM, Lowery RP, Wilson JM, Purpura M, de Souza EO, Wilson SM, et al. The effects of 8 weeks of whey or rice protein supplementation on body composition and exercise performance. Nutr J. 2013;12:86. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-86 PMid:23782948 PMCid:PMC3698202
39. Hevia-Larraín V, Gualano B, Longobardi I, Gil S, Fernandes AL, Costa LAR, et al. High-protein plant-based diet versus a protein-matched omnivorous diet to support resistance training adaptations: a comparison between habitual vegans and omnivores. Sports Med. 2021;51(6):1317-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01434-9 PMid:33599941
40. Rogerson D. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0192-9 PMid:28924423 PMCid:PMC5598028
2. Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(3):475-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.3.475 PMid:16960159
3. Prado CM, Purcell SA, Alish C, Pereira SL, Deutz NE, Heyland DK, et al. Implications of low muscle mass across the continuum of care: a narrative review. Ann Med. 2018;50(8):675-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2018.1511918 PMid:30169116 PMCid:PMC6370503
4. Li R, Xia J, Zhang XI, Gathirua-Mwangi WG, Guo J, Li Y, et al. Associations of muscle mass and strength with all-cause mortality among US older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(3):458-67. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001448 PMid:28991040 PMCid:PMC5820209
5. Santos CS, Nascimento FEL. Isolated branched-chain amino acid intake and muscle protein synthesis in humans: a biochemical review. einstein (São Paulo). 2019;17(3):eRB4898. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2019RB4898 PMid:31508659 PMCid:PMC6718193
6. Phillips SM. The impact of protein quality on the promotion of resistance exercise-induced changes in muscle mass. Nutri Metab 2016;13(64):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-016-0124-8 PMid:27708684 PMCid:PMC5041535
7. Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. It's not just about protein turnover: the role of ribosomal biogenesis and satellite cells in the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Sport Sci. 2019;19(7):952-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1569726 PMid:30741116
8. Berrazaga I, Micard V, Gueugneau M, Walrand S. The role of the anabolic properties of plant-versus animal-based protein sources in supporting muscle mass maintenance: A critical review. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081825 PMid:31394788 PMCid:PMC6723444
9. van Vliet S, Burd NA, van Loon LJ. The skeletal muscle anabolic response to plant-versus animal-based protein consumption. J Nutr. 2015;145(9):1981-91. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.204305 PMid:26224750
10. IBGE. Projeção da População 2018: Agência IBGE Notícias; 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 07]. Available from: https://bit.ly/3hajmkw
11. Wall BT, Gorissen SH, Pennings B, Koopman R, Groen BB, Verdijk LB, et al. Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. PloS One. 2015;10(11):e0140903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140903 PMid:26536130 PMCid:PMC4633096
12. Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Mitchell WK, Lund JN, Szewczyk NJ, Greenhaff PL, et al. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy adaptations predominate in the early stages of resistance exercise training, matching deuterium oxide-derived measures of muscle protein synthesis and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling. FASEB J. 2015;29(11):4485-96. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.15-273755 PMid:26169934
13. Alexandrov NV, Eelderink C, Singh-Povel CM, Navis GJ, Bakker SJ, Corpeleijn E. Dietary protein sources and muscle mass over the life course: The Lifelines Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101471 PMid:30308987 PMCid:PMC6212815
14. IBOPE. Pesquisa de opinião pública sobre vegetarianismo: Ibope inteligência; 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 7]. Available from: https://bit.ly/3z2cEmR
15. Hudson JL, Wang Y, Bergia III RE, Campbell WW. Protein Intake Greater than the RDA Differentially Influences Whole-Body Lean Mass Responses to Purposeful Catabolic and Anabolic Stressors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(3):548-58. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz106 PMid:31794597 PMCid:PMC7231581
16. Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(20):1-25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8 PMid:28642676 PMCid:PMC5477153
17. Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, et al. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15(38):1-57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y PMid:30068354 PMCid:PMC6090881
18. Hector AJ, Phillips SM. Protein recommendations for weight loss in elite athletes: A focus on body composition and performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(2):170-7. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0273 PMid:29182451
19. Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Hill DS, Phillips BE, Crossland H, Williams J, et al. Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. J Physiol. 2013;591(11):2911-23. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203 PMid:23551944 PMCid:PMC3690694
20. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization. Protein Quality Evaluation: Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation 1989. FAO Food and nutrition paper 51. Rome, Italy: FAO/UN; 1991 [cited 2021 Sep 7]. Avaiable from: https://bit.ly/3yTZI29
21. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization. Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition: Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation 2011. Food and nutrition paper 92. Rome, Italy: FAO/UN; 2013 [cited 2021 Sep 7]. Avaiable from: https://bit.ly/3zRc0JZ
22. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2016. Nutrient Data Laboratory. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28 (Slightly revised). Version Current: May 2016 [cited 2021 Sep 7]. Avaiable from: https://bit.ly/3BMz39m
23. Fouillet H, Juillet B, Gaudichon C, Mariotti F, Tomé D, Bos C. Absorption kinetics are a key factor regulating postprandial protein metabolism in response to qualitative and quantitative variations in protein intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;297(6):R1691-R705. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00281.2009 PMid:19812354
24. Bos C, Metges CC, Gaudichon C, Petzke KJ, Pueyo ME, Morens C, et al. Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk protein ingestion in humans. J Nutr. 2003;133(5):1308-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.5.1308 PMid:12730415
25. Yang Y, Churchward-Venne TA, Burd NA, Breen L, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Myofibrillar protein synthesis following ingestion of soy protein isolate at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9(1):57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-57 PMid:22698458 PMCid:PMC3478988
26. Rutherfurd SM, Fanning AC, Miller BJ, Moughan PJ. Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores and digestible indispensable amino acid scores differentially describe protein quality in growing male rats. J Nutr 2015;145(2):372-9. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.195438 PMid:25644361
27. Marinangeli CP, House JD. Potential impact of the digestible indispensable amino acid score as a measure of protein quality on dietary regulations and health. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(8):658-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux025 PMid:28969364 PMCid:PMC5914309
28. Hodgkinson SM, Montoya CA, Scholten PT, Rutherfurd SM, Moughan PJ. Cooking conditions affect the true ileal digestible amino acid content and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) of bovine meat as determined in pigs. J Nutr. 2018;148(10):1564-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy153 PMid:30204886
29. Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(6):376-84. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 PMid:28698222 PMCid:PMC5867436
30. Mobley CB, Haun CT, Roberson PA, Mumford PW, Romero MA, Kephart WC, et al. Effects of whey, soy or leucine supplementation with 12 weeks of resistance training on strength, body composition, and skeletal muscle and adipose tissue histological attributes in college-aged males. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090972 PMid:28869573 PMCid:PMC5622732
31. Reidy PT, Borack MS, Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Deer RR, Husaini SH, et al. Protein supplementation has minimal effects on muscle adaptations during resistance exercise training in young men: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Nutr. 2016;146(9):1660-9.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.231803 PMid:27466602 PMCid:PMC4997282
32. Kim PL, Staron RS, Phillips SM. Fasted-state skeletal muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise is altered with training. J Physiol. 2005;568(Pt 1):283-90. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.093708 PMid:16051622 PMCid:PMC1474760
33. Messina M, Lynch H, Dickinson JM, Reed KE. No difference between the effects of supplementing with soy protein versus animal protein on gains in muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018; 28(6):674-85. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0071 PMid:29722584
34. Lim MT, Pan BJ, Toh DWK, Sutanto CN, Kim JE. Animal protein versus plant protein in supporting lean mass and muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):661. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020661 PMid:33670701 PMCid:PMC7926405
35. Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;107(3):987-92. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009 PMid:19589961
36. Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDonald MJ, MacDonald JR, Armstrong D, Phillips SM. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):1031-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1031 PMid:17413102
37. Gorissen SH, Horstman AM, Franssen R, Crombag JJ, Langer H, Bierau J, et al. Ingestion of wheat protein increases in vivo muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men in a randomized trial. J Nutr. 2016;146(9):1651-9 https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.231340 PMid:27440260
38. Joy JM, Lowery RP, Wilson JM, Purpura M, de Souza EO, Wilson SM, et al. The effects of 8 weeks of whey or rice protein supplementation on body composition and exercise performance. Nutr J. 2013;12:86. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-86 PMid:23782948 PMCid:PMC3698202
39. Hevia-Larraín V, Gualano B, Longobardi I, Gil S, Fernandes AL, Costa LAR, et al. High-protein plant-based diet versus a protein-matched omnivorous diet to support resistance training adaptations: a comparison between habitual vegans and omnivores. Sports Med. 2021;51(6):1317-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01434-9 PMid:33599941
40. Rogerson D. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0192-9 PMid:28924423 PMCid:PMC5598028