Children and adolescents’ health on focus: Gastrointestinal injuries associated with Helicobacter pylori
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To describe the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in children and adolescents, and to assess its association with lesions in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum according to the patient’s life cycle. Methodsː A cross-sectional analytical study with children and adolescents referred to a gastroenterology service and underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy at a hospital in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, from 2001 to 2013. Variables analyzed were the following: sex, age, macro and microscopic alterations and severity of infestation. The Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and adjusted residue analysis were used (α = 5%). Resultsː the prevalence of infection was 24.4%. Esophagitis (29.4%) and gastritis (34.1%) were associated with HP. The life cycle was associated with esophagitis and duodenitis. Infection was associated with life cycle: infants (0.8%), preschool children (10.5%), school-aged children (16.5%), and adolescents (72.2%). The residues showed a strong association between HP and gastritis, and no association between the school-aged and esophagitis. Adolescents were the major contributors to the association between life cycle and infection, and life cycle and lesion. Conclusionsː Infection with HP was associated with esophagitis and gastritis and was higher among adolescents, who had a marked tendency to develop gastritis and a milder tendency to develop esophagitis. The tendency of developing infection and gastritis was not present in the other life cycles. Public policies focusing on promotion and protecting health, especially in vulnerable population groups, are needed.
Article Details
Authors maintain copyright and grant the HSJ the right to first publication. From 2024, the publications wiil be licensed under Attribution 4.0 International 
, allowing their sharing, recognizing the authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (e.g., publishing in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point after the editorial process.
Also, the AUTHOR is informed and consents that the HSJ can incorporate his article into existing or future scientific databases and indexers, under the conditions defined by the latter at all times, which will involve, at least, the possibility that the holders of these databases can perform the following actions on the article.
References
Iwańczak BM, Buchner AM, Iwańczak F. Clinical differences of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26(7):1131-36. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/60581 PMid:29211362
Frugis S, Czeczko NG, Malafaia O, Parada AA, Poletti PB, Secchi TF et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori ten years ago compared to the current prevalence in patients undergoing upper endoscopy. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2016;29(3):151-54. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-6720201600030006 PMid:27759776 PMCid:PMC5074664
Miernyk KM, Bulkow LR, Gold BD, Bruce MG, Hurlburt DH, Griffin PM, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Alaskans: Factors associated with infection and comparison of urea breath test and anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies. Helicobacter. 2018;23(3):e12482. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12482 PMid:29537130 PMCid:PMC6640139
Kalach N, Bontems P, Koletzko S, Mourad-Baars P, Shcherbakov P, Celinska-Cedro D, et al. Frequency and risk factors of gastric and duodenal ulcers or erosions in children: a prospective 1-month European multicenter study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22(10):1174-81. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e32833d36de PMid:20634700
Castro-Muñoz LJ, González-Díaz CA, Muñoz-Escobar A, Tovar-Ayona BJ, Aguilar-Anguiano LM, Vargas-Olmos R, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori from the oral cavity of Mexican asymptomatic children under 5 years of age through PCR. Arch Oral Biol. 2017;73:55-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.09.007 PMid:27665274
Rowland M, Clyne M, Daly L, O'Connor H, Bourke B, Bury G, et al. Long-term follow-up of the incidence of Helicobacter pylori. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(9):980-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.10.020 PMid:29107816
Singer M, Bulled N, Ostrach B, Mendenhall E. Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. Lancet. 2017;389(10072):941-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30003-X
Kouitcheu Mabeku LB, Noundjeu Ngamga ML, Leundji H. Potential risk factors and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among adult patients with dyspepsia symptoms in Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):278. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3146-1 PMid:29907086 PMCid:PMC6003128
Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria; Departamento de Nutrologia. Manual de orientação para a alimentação do lactente, do pré-escolar, do escolar, do adolescente e na escola [Internet]. 3rd ed. Rio de Janeiro: SBP; 2012 [cited 2020 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.sbp.com.br/fileadmin/user_upload/publicacoes/14617a-pdmanualnutrologia-alimentacao.pdf
World Health Organization. Young people's health - a challenge for society: report of a study group on young people and “Health for All by the Year 2000”. Technical Report Series, No 731. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1986 [cited 2020 Nov 15]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41720
Callegari-Jacques SM. Bioestatística: princípios e aplicações. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2003. p. 139-40.
Kotilea K, Kalach N, Homan M, Bontems P. Helicobacter pylori infection in pediatric patients: update on diagnosis and eradication strategies. Paediatr Drugs. 2018;20(4):337-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-018-0296-y PMid:29785564
Roberts-Thomson IC.The rise and fall of peptic ulceration: a disease of civilization? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33(7):1321-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14090 PMid:29319200
Darnindro N, Syam AF, Fauzi A, Rumende CM. Seroprevalence and socio-demographic factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with dyspepsia in Kalibaru Primary Health Care North Jakarta. Acta Med Indones. 2015;47(4):297-303. PMID: 26932698
Wickham S, Anwar E, Barr B, Law C, Taylor-Robinson D. Poverty and child health in the UK: using evidence for action. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101(8):759-66. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306746 PMid:26857824 PMCid:PMC4975805
Adams EA, Stoler J, Adams Y. Water insecurity and urban poverty in the Global South: Implications for health and human biology. Am J Hum Biol. 2019;32(1):e23368. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23368 PMid:31769124
Marshall BJ, Armstrong JA, McGechie DB, Glancy RJ. Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter. Med J Aust. 1985;142:436-9. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113443.x PMid:3982345
Villarreal-Calderon R, Luévano-González A, Aragón-Flores M, Zhu H, Yuan Y, Xiang Q, et al. Antral atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and preneoplastic markers in Mexican children with Helicobacter pylori-positive and Helicobacter pylori-negative gastritis. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2014;18(3):129-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.02.003 PMid:24656654 PMCid:PMC4516036
Obayo S, Muzoora C, Ocama P, Cooney MM, Wilson T, Probert CS. Upper gastrointestinal diseases in patients for endoscopy in South-Western Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2015;15(3):959-66. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i3.33 PMid:26957987 PMCid:PMC4765465
Sýkora J, Huml M, Siala K, Pomahacová R, Jehlicka P, Liška J, Schwarz J. Paediatric Rome III criteria-related abdominal pain is associated with Helicobacter pylori and not with calprotectin. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;63(4):417-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001172 PMid:26913755
Gościniak G, Biernat MM, Bińkowska A, Kus A, Iwańczak B. Frequency of infection with Helicobacter pylori isolates of different antimicrobial profiles in children and adolescents: A preliminary study. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26(2):263-8. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/67716 PMid:28791844
Nowak A, Brazowski J, Szaflarska-Popławska A. Prevalence of inflammatory changes of gastric and/or duodenal mucosa among children and youth with gastroesophageal reflux. Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2005;9(4):637-45. Polish. PMID: 16733274.
Rybak A, Pesce M, Thapar N, Borrelli O. Gastro-esophageal reflux in children. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(8):1671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081671 PMid:28763023 PMCid:PMC5578061
Tolia V, Youssef NN, Gilger MA, Traxler B, Illueca M. Esomeprazole for the treatment of erosive esophagitis in children: an international, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind (for dose) study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;60 Suppl 1:S24-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000469419.29000.94
Lupu VV, Burlea M, Nistor N, Streanga V, Starcea MI, Paduraru G, et al. Correlation between esophageal pH-metry and esophagitis in gastroesophageal reflux disease in children. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(37):e12042. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012042 PMid:30212934 PMCid:PMC6156075
Coca DS, Santos CM, de Oliveira OSG, Pereira DA, Kiyoshi Furuya CJ, Artifon ELA. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy applied in pediatrics: endoscopic and histological findings, including Helicobacter pylori. Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 2018;38(1):40-43.